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- SCIENCE, Page 66A Window On the Mind
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- Researchers manage to grow brain cells in the laboratory
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- Unlike most other kinds of cells, the neurons that make up
- the adult central nervous system do not divide and multiply.
- Once they die, they cannot be replaced -- a fact that makes
- brain and spinal damage so devastating. But, in an
- unprecedented experiment, scientists at the Johns Hopkins
- School of Medicine chanced upon a kind of human brain cell that
- could be nourished and cultivated. The researchers have kept
- a laboratory culture of the neurons alive -- and multiplying --
- for nearly two years. The new technique, reported last week in
- Science, should make it easier for scientists to study how the
- cells function and could someday lead to better treatments for
- nervous-system injuries and disorders.
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- The Johns Hopkins cells originally came from the brain of
- an 18-month-old girl. In 1988 the child, who suffered
- uncontrollable seizures, had nearly one-third of her right
- cortex removed. Within minutes of the surgery, Solomon Snyder,
- director of the Johns Hopkins department of neuroscience, and
- his colleagues had the tissue in the lab. There the team used
- a blender to separate the gray matter into individual cells and
- soaked them in a combination of growth hormones and nutrients.
- Although most of the cells died within three weeks, two
- clusters survived and have since flourished.
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- Cells from the lab-grown culture, which can be shared with
- other research centers, may help scientists explore the causes
- of such debilitating diseases as Alzheimer's, Huntington's and
- multiple sclerosis. And testing the effects of various
- chemicals on neurons could speed the development of drug
- therapies. One of the most exciting prospects: the possibility
- of learning how to introduce new genes into the cultured cells
- and then use those cells as a replacement for brain tissue lost
- because of illness or injury. Already researchers are exploring
- the idea of inserting a gene to stimulate the production of
- dopamine, a chemical that is in short supply in the brains of
- patients with Parkinson's disease.
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- As a first step in this line of research, Snyder is
- considering injecting altered cells into the brains of rats.
- It will be years before similar experiments can be done in
- humans. But in the meantime, the new technique promises great
- advances in knowledge of how the human mind works.
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